a) Fidel (Alphabets) Instruction The girls from traditional families who have attended the school usually marry before or shortly after they complete the lessons in the House of Reading. This limitation of the enrolment is mainly due to the large number applicants and to an insufficient number of schools, so parents, especially those who do not need the labour of their children, are obliged to send their children to the Nebab bet as a first step to enrolment in a modern government school. the functions of deacon and of a priest in the liturgy. 1) The Nebab Bet Everything there is to Ethiopia from around the web. The Ethiopian Orthodox Church and Ethiopian Orthodox Mezmur have a long history in Ethiopia although their origins are not clear. Normally children start school between the ages of 5 and 7, when they are traditionally considered ready to learn. ADE EYESUS ( ) : https://youtu.be/Kg9KflxOW5M8. 2003-Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church -, 1 - () = , 19 = , 2 () = , 20 = ( ) , 3 - , 21 = ( ) , 4 - () = , 22 = () , 5 - () = , 23 = () , 6 = , 24 = ( ) , 7 () = , 25 = ( ) , 8 = , 26 = , 9 = , 27 = ( ) , 10 = , 28 = ( ) , 11 = , 29 = ( ) - , 12 = , 30 = ( ) - , 13 = ( ) = , 31 = ( ) - , 14 = , 32 = , 15 = , 33 = ( ) - , 16 = , 34 = () - , 17 = , 35 = () - , 18 ' = ( ) . THE CHURCH OF ETHIOPIA A PANORAMA OF HISTORY AND SPIRITUAL LIFE We find the Nebab Bet in practically all churches and monasteries, in a number of villages and in the compounds of well-to-do landlords. Not only did it preserve its ancient tradition with tenacity and convey it to future generations but it also secured remarkable continuity that has lasted to the present day. a) Fidel Instruction Besides this, the student is attracted by the adventurous and romantic life of a begging and wondering student, about whom much is spoken and fabulous stories are told. The Qne bet schools differ in their thinking and teaching methods. () = , 1. [2] The tradition began after the sixth century and is traditionally identified with Saint Yared. . What is the process of learning the letters? = , 05. According to the Church Office there are about 15,000 churches in Ethiopia. The same process is repeated for several days or even months. = [ .. ], 3. The long monastic tradition dates beck to the fifth century and the significant role of monasticism in the diffusion of Christian learning during the mediaeval period has been described in an earlier chapter. Last Checked: 01/18/2023. The resulting high morale in the school community helps the individual student to adapt himself to the hard work. learning by counting each letter. . . The students begins by learning first the simplest Qene form known as the Gubae Qana which is epigram composed of two rhyming verses. ( = ), 001. 2003-Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church - About-us . However, in rural districts, parents generally discouraged the education of girls, since their function is to be housewives, and for this role no formal education is felt to be necessary. After repeating the entire book of Psalms several times using Wurdnebab, he continues reading for months, even over a year, using the Qum-Nebab reading method. . These are the only members of the clergy who are allowed to celebrate the mass and administer sacraments. [ ], 7 - = - ., 8 - = , 3 - = - ., 5 - ( ) = ( ), 6 - () = ( ), 19. a) Zema Bet (Music school) B TIMKETKA (): https://youtu.be/5xfT3aTCWOY4. It is generally recognized that the most able clergy of the Church are those trained in the Qene School. Modern theological colleges exist which combine traditional studies with the broader curriculum demanded in the twentieth century. The Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church > > > > > > //// . Those who want to study further may join the next school, the Metsehaf Bet. / [ ], 2. . = , 18. Around that period, the Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church already had a corpus of prayers. This memorization of the commentary of the books exacts many years of exercise and labour, which the adult student is ready to accept. Such schools may perhaps play a wider role within the context of the national campaign for literacy and provide more instruction for adults as well as young pupils. Low and deep voice. A graduate of Qene School looks for a position in a Church and serves in the choir where he composes Qene and sings, or he may take a post as a minor teacher or administrator in the Church. - . = , 16. b) Quene Bet and (Poetry school) Today the standardized table Aa, Bu, Gi, Da is much used, however, so that the pupil may learn even this by heart and only comes to distinguish the individual characters well after much practice. There are Qene forms or models that the student has to master in order to be able to compose the Qene poems which are sung in different sections of the liturgy of the church or used to celebrate church and state ceremonials. [1] The related musical notation is known as melekket. In doing so, a mixed-method research approach with the convergent parallel design was employed. = [ ], 8. [ ], 1. In the course of the centuries the school system has grown and changed in many ways. The activities of the priest, therefore, are limited to the rituals, which do not usually demand the understanding of the Scriptures. The place of instruction is usually a communal hut near the teachers dwelling known as the Mahber Bet, or simply in the open or under a tree. A teacher specialized in Qedasse or the Mass is to be found in practically all the main churches. To help the child distinguish the different characteristics of the alphabet another table has been prepared. () = , 2. }, Designed by Elegant Themes | Powered by WordPress. The main interest and purpose of the school is, however, not to develop poetic and other aesthetic interests in the child or youth, but to enable him to carry out the Church rituals. The few handwritten manuscripts on parchments were, and still are, very expensive. = [ ], 3. A member of the Oriental Orthodox family of Churches, the Church of Ethiopia shares with them in essence a common faith. This process is known as Qutir, i.e. The last branch of the Metsehaf Bet is the Menekosat, the School of Commentaries on monastic literature. The instruction in the Nebab bet is given in three different stages: A Qedasse teacher normally teaches only the hymns which a deacon or a priest has to use in the liturgy of the Church. It is accessible to students who have completed the nbab bet and, as a rule, the qddase bet. , 14. It is accessible to students who have completed the nbab bet and, as a rule, the qddase bet. Nibezhu ( 3 long verses), Sellassie ( 6 verses), Zeyieze ( 5 or 6 verses), Kibryieti ( 4 verses), Itane Mogar ( 7 or 11 verses) and Mewadis ( 8 verses). In the Qne bet the students focus on the theory and practice of the composition of qne. [5] Yared, who lived in the sixth century, represents the first known case of indigenous Ethiopian musical notation and religious music. The educational system in Ethiopia has been profoundly molded by the past. For, in spite of the inevitable changes taking place in Ethiopia with the steady expansion of modern secular education in the present century, church schools still play an active part in the Ethiopian educational scene. . To specialize in Qene so as to be a teacher in a higher school, the student must attend several schools and study more branches of Qene, which means studying and wandering for some years more. = , 4. After the great wars, particularly after the 17th century, cultural activities declined. The teacher of Zema sits in the middle of his pupils, who are practicing their daily assignment of the hymns individually or in-groups. Ethiopian Christian music is largely sustained by communities of descent. There are several reasons for this. Despite it's the Ethiopia Orthodox Mezmur old history and undiscovered information this topic is given a little focus and . When this group leaves the teacher, another group or individual comes to read to the teacher and hears his commentary. = , 9 - ( ) = ( )- ., 10 - . = [ ], 3 - ( ) = , 4 - = , 5 - = , 7 - = , 8 - = , 9 - . The Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church has crucial role to disseminate traditional ancient educational system of Ethiopia to read Old and New Testaments in Ge'ez since Axumite period in 330 AD. . = , 1. [ ], 9. ], 1. () = , 31. 6 These schools of commentaries are not to be found everywhere, but in large churches, Debre, and in monasteries, Geddam, where extensive libraries and famous teachers are to be found. Generally, the approach to reality is well mixed with mythical attitudes. and hunter (adda), because he leaves everything, even his native village and relatives, in order to study qnepoetry (nbaqom Qal Wld in PICES 3, vol. He is credited for inventing the zema of the Church; the chant that has been in use continuously for the last almost 1500 years. The school has a reputation for having its students promoted. Usually a candidate for his training is attached to a priest or monk to whom he gives certain services, accompanying him on visits of families, festivals, and ceremonies in and outside the parish. .hide-if-no-js { MARYAM () : https://youtu.be/6I1ujFtU0CciTunes: http://itunes.apple.com/album/id14481Apple Music : http://itunes.apple.com/album/id/14482. However, he follows the progress of his student daily, so no special tests are needed. There are ofcourse reasons for their diligence. This is particularly important for those students who plan to continue on the higher learning, since passages from the Psalms are used frequently in the hymns and poems of the church. Ethiopianorthodox.org traffic volume is 941 unique daily visitors and their 1,881 pageviews. Therefore, these patristic writings are not to be considered critically, but simply learnt by heart. In all these schools the students must learn the material by heart. Traditionally writing is not taught, since this was not needed in everyday life, unlike reading which is necessary for daily prayers and participating in the church service. The related musical notation is known as melekket. He can then practice reading different religious texts. The methods of practicing the reading are those described under the Fidel Hawaria, namely, Qutir, Geez, Wurdnebab, and Nebab. . = , 26. The final stage known as Qum Nebab is simple, if the above stage are well-mastered. During the evening the student endeavours to find the proper music to fit the Qene model he is going to compose; since all Qene has to be sung, his Qene piece must be suited to a corresponding musical form. The exercise of reading can be quite difficult for the beginner, particularly because the text is in Geez, a language no longer spoken and therefore far from the experience of the child. Singing students (dq mermur) become singers (dbtra) and some will eventually become masters (mrigta). The main one is that the student understands the Geez language in the Qene school. Here the child practices reading at a very lively pace, but without mistakes. Zema bet ( , lit. Zema means a pleasing sound, a song or a melody in Ge'ez,[1][3] the liturgical language of the Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church. = = , 14. : 1: - - - Last updated 14 Jan. 2023 video Ethiopianorthodox.org The Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church. + " " However, in the urban centers and roadside towns the elementary church school, the Nebab Bet is flourishing as an institution to prepare pupils for Government schools, teaching young children literacy in Amharic. In these specialized branches the students learns the traditions of the Church, theology, Church history and laws, through the interpretation of the various individual writings. A student of the Nebab Bet or Qedasse Bet, who would like to join the higher schools, usually leaves his parents and joins the wandering students who travel from parish to parish and form monastery to monastery. Humming at the lowest range of the male voice. .. = , 19. We have seen that the Qedasse bet trains mainly the altar priests, who are known as the semonegna (those who serve weekly). selected epistles of St. Paul, St. James, and St. Peter; the Gospels, usually the Gospel of St. John is used as a text for exercise; Arganon: praises of St. Tamara Mariam: the miracles and wonder of St. Mary; Paulos: the epistles of St. Paul; Tamara Iyasus: the miracles of Jesus; the Acts of the Apostles, etc. The student recites the product of his intellectual labour. . ], 2. . Traditionally a boy can receive only the Nebab Bet instruction while he is at home. He can be permitted to teach the beginners; he can improvise qne, continue a Qne bet started by another, lecture qne but always standing, until his graduation day as qne master, and he is able to interrupt an author composing qne (KaneDic 803b). The commentaries of these teachings do not proceed under systematic theological or historical categories, but when each sentence or phrase of a text is interpreted, depending on the content, theological, moral and historical questions are raised, discussed, and developed. The Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church had been administratively part of the Coptic Orthodox Church of Alexandria from the first half of the 4th century until 1959, when it was granted autocephaly with its own patriarch by Pope Cyril VI of Alexandria, Pope of the Coptic Orthodox Church. The student has to learn each sentence of the commentary by heart. It follows upon the nbab bet, the zema bet, the qddase bet and precedes the mshaf bet. There are also other Qene types which are however not as widespread as the Samenna Worq. = , 25. To demonstrate this we should describe the average study day at the Zema Bet. . The lessons advance in this manner day after day until the student finishes the fixed text of the hymn and knows it by heart. The child uses four methods to practice reading this text known as Fidel Hawaria or the first Epistle of St. john, first he pronounces every letter of the word pointing at each letter with a straw (Qutir-method). Roles of Orthodox teachings. Deggwa, Ethiopian antiphons, in particular are of much later origin, dating from the second half of the 16th century. the beginning of reading. The more advanced students serve as monitors to instruct the beginners. These are most widespread but there are other forms, e.g. The story or legend of the saint whose feast is to be celebrated on the next day is then narrated; this comprises the theme of the Qene composition by the students, using the vocabulary and grammar already discussed at the session. . = , 22. b) Reading lessons from religious books " " " " On the day of his graduation the student is asked, by the guests and students present, to im- provize as many qne as they wish. Quick Summary . display: none !important; Contact-us A Debtera is a general term given to all those who have completed one of the higher schools of the church. = , 15. . ' , 1. The tradition began after the sixth century and is traditionally identified with Saint Yared.Through history, the Ethiopian liturgical chants have undergone an evolution similar to that of European liturgical chants. Traditional education derives its distinctive character from the unique Christian heritage of the country. [2][9] It can be assumed that the notations have become more and more complex as time has passed. = , 10. First there is a prayer to be recited. 81 2 . [12], Liturgical chant used by the Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church, Saint Yared's Hymn for the Feast of Saint Stephen, "Ethiopian chant | vocal music | Britannica", "Ethiopian Christian Liturgical Chant & Historical Context", "Choeur Saint Yared: Chants de L'glise thiopienne", "Oral and Written Transmission in Ethiopian Christian Chant", Norwegian University of Science and Technology, "St. Yared: The Great Ethiopian Composer", https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ethiopian_chant&oldid=1124513207, Articles with dead external links from December 2019, Articles with permanently dead external links, Short description is different from Wikidata, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0. = , 23 - . Thus relatively little education is expected from a young man to be ordained an altar priest. [ . ], 30. , . Generally, the first epistle of St. John is used for the purpose. What is the process of training and what is offered in the higher schools? : 1 - [4] Most of the Ethiopian Highlands had been Miaphysite Christian since the fourth century. () = - ., 10. = , 13 [ ], 11 - () = ( ) - .. . Usually the child learns the whole set of letters in sequence by heart, so that in reality he may not be able to distinguish on letter from the other. .. = , 20. Prominent Zema bet are at Dbr Abbay (Tgray), Sllkula (Wllo) and Gon Tewodros (Goam). The heavy demands of cultivation and cattle tending force the parents to demand the services of their children. 1) Nebab Bet (Reading school) = [ . ( ) = , 2. One important reason memorization is so stressed all through the Church Schools is that writing materials were traditionally not well developed. This way the group can compare its progress to know how far it had grasped the interpretation of the previous time. When the pupil knows the letters to some extent, he starts to practice reading a text. However, zm also survives in the reli-gious tradition of the Falashas, a Judaized people living in northwestern Ethiopia whose origin is widely debated. It may be that church schools as a whole will take on a new impetus and play an important role in raising the general level of education of the clergy in the future. . () = () ., 10 - () = , 11 - ( ) = ( ) - ., 12 - () = , 9. [10], Ethiopian Orthodox Christians form approximately 43.5% of the population of modern day Ethiopia. The Journal of Ethiopian Church Studies (JECS) is a high-quality peer-reviewed research journal that is published under the Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahido Church Research Institute (EOTCRI) once a year. The pupil now learns to read the psalms, the most important devotional book of Ethiopian Christians. As the main task of the session some Geez verbs are conjugated, and the proper usage of selected verbs and nouns is demonstrated by examples from different Qene verses composed by the teacher and advanced students on the spot. [10], The musical notation (melekket) used for the chants, is not a typical notational system since it does not represent pitch or melody. Every evening he has to memorize the daily prayers. The usually strict demands of the teachers are accepted with out hesitation, because the wandering student has come to the school of his own free will and has willingly submitted himself to the authority of the teacher. (Literature school). [ . ], 4. Ethiopian liturgical chant, or Zema, is a form of Christian liturgical chant practiced by the Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church. There are different Qne bet the main centres of learning are in Wadla (Wllo), Gong (Goggam), Wara (Damot, Goggam); Gondr (s. Admasu Gmbre 1971/72: 10). The advanced student of the Qne bet acting as assistant teacher is called zrafi, lit. In the afternoon the session or Gubae takes place again. The first type is known as Beluy. . . () = , 3. [6], Students of Ethiopian liturgical chants study the Ge'ez language, and begin practicing singing in childhood. . Most studies conclude that there has been impressive consistency since the 1500s. The schools have in this period confined their educational activities to glorifying the products of past centuries and conveying these to the coming generation. The teacher either accepts the verses or the offers critical comments and sends the student back for further meditation, students come at intervals to the teacher to recite in the manner. C) Reading the Psalms - ., 2. Since the pupils do not understand the texts, the memorization drills are very exacting in energy and time. The way to the Qne bet is long and difficult. The prime function of the Nebab bet is to teach children to read religious books, practically all of which are in Geez. ? We may then be justified, with some reservation, in saying that at present the total Nebab bet enrolment might well be 300,000. When the teacher feels that his pupil has mastered this stage, he leads him to Wurdnebab. If he is not satisfied, he can leave the school and look for another one. (2), - = , 8 - = , 2 - = , 9 - = , 12 - = , 7 - = [ ]. At this stage memorization is not felt as a burden by the student, because ever since his early days in the Nebab Bet he has developed his powers of memorization. . Ethiopian Orthodox Church school's curriculum and its ways of provision, assessment, code of conduct, methodology and the livelihood of Ye'qolo Temari. Furthermore, since the instruction is considered sacred, just as prayer is, the student takes his assignment seriously. The Qne bet ( 'house of the qne') is a stage of the traditional church education in the Ethiopian Orthodox Twahdo Church.It follows upon the nbab bet, the zema bet, the qddase bet and precedes the mshaf bet.In the Qne bet the students focus on the theory and practice of the composition of qne.The Qne bet student is frequently compared the hermit (mnna, from . The following is a typical example of a Metsehaf Bet lesson. A teacher specialized in this branch of the liturgy teachers the Gebre Diquna and Gebre Qissina, i.e. The four steps are repeatedly drilled on the same text, Fidel Hawaria. . () : Through history, the Ethiopian liturgical chants have undergone an evolution similar to that of European liturgical chants. , 23. ( ) = , 4. = , 28 - = . [ . ], 3. . The function of an altar priest is limited to carrying out the rituals of the Mass and the Sacraments. [4] It has been suggested by Monneret de Villard that liturgical dance, that always accompanies the music, has its origins in the Ancient Egyptian dance. The modern schools often accepts more readily in their primary grades those children who can already read and write. . On such tables the number of the letters and the forms in the seven orders remain the same, but the place of the characters is changed or mixed up, so that the child cannot depend only on his memory and the sequence in which he has memorized the characters. He must also profoundly study traditional cultural, social, intellectual and educational values (Alemayyehu Moges 1973: 92). b) Qene Bet . .. = , 28. He repeats this pronunciation exercise on the same text several times. The student learns Qene with more interest and motivation than the other disciplines, such as Zema. DEBESEY() : https://youtu.be/1MXnDADblAs5. 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